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05:12, 05 Декабрь 2021
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Ученые объяснили, чем уникальны 13 древних черепов со следами трепанации, найденных на юге России
Антрополог Юлия Грески из Германского археологического института в Берлине в интервью ТАСС рассказала подробности об уникальной находке, сделанной международной группой ученых на юге России: 13 древних черепах со следами трепанации. Об этом сообщало издание American Journal of Physical Anthropology в конце апреля.
Черепам, найденным на территории Ставропольского края, Кабардино-Балкарии и в районе Ростова-на-Дону, от 4000 до 6000 лет. В распоряжении ученых оказалось шесть мужских черепов, шесть женских и еще в одном случае пол не удалось установить. Возраст, в котором эти люди умерли, варьируется от 14-16 до 50-69 лет. Возраст, в котором им сделали операцию – от подросткового до преклонного.
“Они отличаются от других подобных находок тем, что отверстие всегда расположено в одном и том же месте: посредине затылка”, – сообщила Грески. Следов заживления после операции нет только на двух черепах, это значит, что в основном операция проводилась при жизни и люди от нее не умирали. “Выживание людей после этих операций – это поразительно. Древние хирурги знали, что делали”, – отметила антрополог.
Грески и ее коллеги обнаружили, что трепанация проводилась одним из двух способов: выскабливанием, при котором кость черепа выскребали острым инструментом, пока в нем не образовывалась дыра, и вырезанием. Выскабливание – более безопасный метод, нежели вырезание, и после него пациент выживал с большей вероятностью, отметила Грески. Восемь из 13 черепов зажили хорошо, три – не очень, два – совсем не зажили.
“При выскребании процесс идет медленнее, хирург видит, когда нужно остановиться. Выскребать могли чистым свежесколотым куском кремня, что помогало заносить в рану меньше бактерий. Может быть, хирурги также использовали растения с противовоспалительными свойствами”, – предположила собеседница агентства.
При этом она считает, что операция не была чрезмерно болезненной: боль ощущалась, когда хирург резал кожу – в ней проходят нервные окончания, а выскабливание или вырезание самой кости уже не было настолько чувствительным. Если пациент переживал первые недели и месяцы после операции, у него не развивалось воспаление и раны заживали, дыра в черепе затягивалась кожей и образовывалась рубцовая ткань.
“В нашем случае все отверстия были сделаны на затылке, где их можно прикрыть волосами, и, возможно, их даже не было видно. Так что, если человек выживал после такой операции, дальше дыра в черепе не доставляла ему больших неудобств, если не была слишком большой”, – сказал Грески. Самое большое отверстие, обнаруженное учеными, – овальной формы, около девяти сантиметров в длину и около 4,5 сантиметра в ширину, самое маленькое – около 2,5 сантиметра в диаметре.
Ученые предположили ритуальную трепанацию
Единого мнения по поводу того, зачем древние люди делали трепанацию черепа, нет. Известно, что в некоторых случаях операция проводилась из-за травмы: древний хирург пытался извлечь фрагмент кости из проломленного черепа, чтобы ослабить давление на мозг. Такая практика известна у современных аборигенов племени кизии в Кении.
Однако в исследовании Грески и ее коллег одинаковое расположение отверстий и отсутствие следов травм, которые могли бы потребовать хирургического вмешательства, заставило ученых предположить, что трепанация могла быть сделана в неких ритуальных целях.
Если это так, то найденные черепа могли принадлежать людям из высшего слоя древнего общества, возможно шаманам. “Может быть, это как-то связано с разделением общества на группы, таким образом они подчеркивали свою принадлежность к одной из них”, – предполагает Грески.
“Подобные случаи нам известны в Болгарии и Венгрии в Средние века, там трепанация изначально проводилась для людей из привилегированных слоев общества, а потом она стала так популярна, что распространилась и среди простых людей”, – рассказала антрополог.
В исследовании принимали участие специалисты Института аридных зон Южного научного центра Российской академии наук, Центра египтологических исследований РАН, ГУП “Наследие” Министерства культуры Ставропольского края, НИИ и музея антропологии Московского государственного университета.
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